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Electrolyte Abnormality EKG findings Hypokalemia Flattened T waves, U waves, premature ventricular complexes Hyperkalemia Peaked T waves, widened QRS complex, ↑P-R interval, loss of P wave, loss of R wave amplitude, ST segment depression, sine wave, ventricular fibrillation and asystole Hypocalcemia Prolonged QT interval Hypercalcemia Short QT interval, short ST segment Hypomagnesemia Increased P-R and QT intervals and increased incidence of atrial fibrillation Hypermagnesemia Increased P-R interval and wide QRS complex Reference: Barash Clinical Anesthesia 6th Edition pg. 1352

Electrocardiography can be a powerful tool in the   urgent evaluation of pulseless electrical activity.   Nar row QRS complex pulseless electrical activity is often  caused by mechanical factors such as cardiac   tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmo nary embolism, and major hemorrhage.  Pulse less electrical activity associated with a wide  QRS complex and marked axis deviation, as  in this patient, is usually the result of a meta bolic abnormality, most often hyperkalemia Mehta C, Brady W . Pulseless electrical activity in cardiac arrest: electrocardiographic presentations and manage- ment considerations based on the electrocardiogram. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30:236–239. 

A bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital heart defect.  An atrial septal defect is the second most common.

The risk of sudden death is higher in younger patients with severe hypertrophy (wall thickness 20-30mm), LVOT gradient higher than 50 mmHg, LA dilatation (greater than 45 mm), reduction in blood pressure with exercise, personal history and family history of syncope.

Classification of Nerve Injuries Seddon Sunderland Structural and Functional Processes Neuropraxia 1 Myelin damage, conduction slowing, and blocking Axonotmesis 2 Loss of axonal continuity, endoneurium intact, no conduction Neurotmesis 3 Loss of axonal and endoneurial continuity, perineurium intact, no conduction 4 Loss of axonal, endoneurial, and perineurial continuity; epineurium intact; no conduction 5 Entire nerve trunk separated; no conduction Based on data from Seddon H: Three types of nerve injury. Brain 1943;66:236–288; Sunderland S: A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain 1951;74:491–516; and Lundborg G:  Nerve Injury and Repair . Churchill Livingstone, 1988.