Hepatopulmonary VS Portopulmonary .....

Hepatopulmonary syndrome:
Due to vascular dilation at the pre- and post-capillary level therefore decreased VQ ratio

Intrapulmonary vasodilation with R to left shunting mainly affecting the basal area,so it worsen with sitting up due to increas basal blood flow

Diagnostic criteria:
Chronic liver disease +\- chirosis

Arterial hypoxaemia
PaO2 < 75 or Aa gradient > 20 Intrapulmonary vascular dilation
Diagnose with contrast echo. Agitated saline injected IV. Immediate visualisation in L heart intracardiac shunt. Delayed visualisation means intrapleural shunt
Medical management disappointing
It s indication for transplant with resolution usual in the months afterwards. However, the more hypoxic the greater the perioperative risk

Porto-pulmonary hypertension:
Diagnostic criteria:
Portal hypertension
Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure < 15
Pulmonary vascular resistance > 120 dynes/s/cm5
Usually due to increased pulmonary flow, not increased resistance – these patients do well
In < 4%, pulmonary hypertension is due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance 2nd to pulmonary vasoconstriction. More serious. Trials of post-transplant treatment with epoprostenol (a PGI2 analogue) encouraging

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Things to Avoid in Anesthesia for Pregnant with Pulmonary hypertension

Anesthesia for Pregnant woman with Pulmonary Hypertension is a real challenge for anesthesiologist. It is very crucial to remember the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension in pregnant women and to avoid some practices that will worsen the cardiac status. 1-Avoid single shot spinal anesthesia. Some authorities consider pulmonary hypertension as absolute contraindication for single shot spinal anesthesia specially in patients with NYHA III ,IV. Spinal anesthesia causes major hemodynamic instability(decrease SVR, decrease VR, decrease in CO) The preferred neuroaxial techniques are (epidural anesthesia and CSE with minimal spinal dose) 2-Avoid PAC. Pulmonary Artery catheters insertion may lead to pulmonary artery rupture or thrombosis. TEE is better cardiac monitor/Arteial line is mandatory. 3-Avoid Nitrous oxide in gas mixture.N2O increase the PVR 4-If MV to be started, avoid High TV and PEEP 5-Avoid Oxytocin Boluses, or rapid administration of Pitocin. Oxytocin causes ...

power injectable peripherally inserted central catheters

Clinical experience with power injectable peripherally inserted central catheters in intensive care patients Introduction In intensive care units (ICU), peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) may be an alternative option to standard central venous catheters, particularly in patients with coagulation disorders or at high risk for infection. Some limits of PICCs (such as low flow rates) may be overcome by the use of power-injectable catheters . Method We have retrospectively reviewed all the power injectable PICCs inserted in adult and pediatric patients in the ICU during a 12-month period, focusing on the rate of complications at insertion and during maintenance. Results We have collected 89 power injectable PICCs (in adults and in children), both multiple and single lumen. All insertions were successful. There were no major complications at insertion and no episodes of catheter-related blood stream infection. Non-infective complications ...

Lumbar and thoracic epidural in Pediatrics-Technical aspect

The midline approach is most commonly used. The ligamentum flavum is considerably thinner and less dense in infants than in older children and adults. This makes recognition of engagement in the ligament more difficult and requires both extra care and slower, more deliberate passage of the needle to avoid subarachnoid puncture. The angle of approach to the epidural space is slightly more perpendicular to the plane of the back than in older children and adults, owing to the orientation of the spinous processes in infants and small children. The loss of resistance technique should be used, but only with saline, not air. There are several reports of venous air embolism in infants and children when air was used to test for loss of resistance Use a short (5 cm) 18-gauge Tuohy needle and a 20- or 21-gauge catheter in infants and children. Epidural kits specifically for infants and children are available Maximum of 0.4 mg/kg/hr of bupivacaine after the initial block is estab...

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