Pediatric airway..Clinical pearls

When using Pediatric bougie there is concern about tracheal rupture and used when ETT size >3 mm.

To avoid bleeding from large adenoids, do not place nasal airway in child <1 yr of age

Always during transport apply cervical collar in child with ETT, even if just moving from one bed to another, to avoid displacement of ETT

Cuffed ETTs —now considered beneficial due to lower pressures.

Children highly dependent on diaphragm; once airway secured, insert nasogastric tube (NGT) or orogastric tube (OGT) as soon as possible to decompress stomach (NGT or OGT should be twice ETT size)

Proper bag-valve mask (BVM) technique — if attempting to use BVM on child with low O2 saturation, first action to place oral airway.

straight blade 0 used only in just-born newborn or premature infant, otherwise straight blade 1 used and shift to blade 2 at 2(years)..

2 times ETT size for NGT, OGT, and Foley catheter
3 times ETT size for tubes at lips
4 times ETT size biggest chest tube possibly needed for patient with

trauma

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The pressure volume loop...

In the pressure-volume loop below, cardiac work is best represented by: the area of the curve the slope of the line from points C to D the distance of the line from points C to D the slope of a line from points A to D .. .. ... .... ... .... .... .... In the pressure-volume loop below, cardiac work is best represented by: the area of the curve Cardiac work is the product of pressure and volume and is linearly related to myocardial oxygen consumption. Cardiac work is best represented by the area of the curve of a pressure-volume loop.

Anaphylaxis updates part 2- Empty Ventricle Syndrome

Patients with anaphylaxis should not suddenly sit, stand, or be placed in the upright position. Instead, they should be placed on the back with their lower extremities elevated or, if they are experiencing respiratory distress or vomiting, they should be placed in a position of comfort with their lower extremities elevated. This accomplishes 2 therapeutic goals: 1) preservation of fluid in the circulation (the central vascular compartment), an important step in managing distributive shock; and 2) prevention of the empty vena cava/empty ventricle syndrome, which can occur within seconds when patients with anaphylaxis suddenly assume or are placed in an upright position. Patients with this syndrome are at high risk for sudden death. They are unlikely to respond to epinephrine regardless of route of administration, because it does not reach the heart and therefore cannot be circulated throughout the body

Steroids In Perioperative period...The Multi-purpose Drugs

1-Steroids are not Bronchodilator ,but have well established usefulness in hyper-reactive airway. They are also said to have a permissive role for bronchodilator medication. They can be administered orally, parenterally or in aerosol form 2- Steroids have been commonly used in chemotherapy for prevention of nausea along with other anti-emetic agents . Dexamethasone was found to be highly effective when given immediately before induction rather than at the end of anesthesia . 3- Steroids do exert analgesic effects. Various routes of administration of steroids include parentral, local infiltration at operated site , as an adjuvant in nerve blocks and central-neuraxial blockade. 4 - Steroids cannot be the mainstay of therapy in anaphylaxis because of the delayed onset of action, so they are used as adjunct after initial treatment with epinephrine. 5- Steroids (Dexamethsone) are of value in reduction or prevention of cerebral edema associated with parasitic infections and neopla...

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